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APFIS- Austenitic Stainless Steel

Steel data sheets

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Valbruna Grade

APFIS

Steel type

Austenitic Stainless Steel

Description of material

APFIS is a Chromium-Nickel austenitic stainless steel with good heat resisting properties such as scaling and creep at elevated temperature and a useful resistance to carburizing and reducing atmospheres, better than the type 304/316 series steels.

Applications

This grade is designed for use at high temperature service in environments requiring high temperature corrosion and creep resistance. It’s widely use in the engineering and automotive industry, chemical, petrol-chemical and refinery plants.

Melting practices

Argon Oxygen Decarburization

Corrosion resistance

The optimum resistance is obtained after annealing and rapid quenching. In continuous service, APFIS offers a good scaling resistance up to the temperature 1130°C and about a hundred degrees lower in the case of intermittent use. APFIS is liable to suffer embrittlement after working at temperatures between 600° and 900°C. It has good resistance to carburizing and oxidizing environments. Where a better resistance to oxidation is required, APFI/SI, which has a higher Silicon content, may be a valid alternative, but it is more susceptible to sigma phase embrittlement than APFIS. However, both APFIS and APFI/SI have a better high temperature corrosion resistance than the type 304/309 series steels. But it should be pointed out that the composition and steel making fabricating process of these grades is optimized to obtain best performance at high temperatures. This means that at low or room temperatures, corrosion resistance could not be as good as the typical austenitic grades and this behavior must be well considered in the case of the formation of stagnating low PH condensate products. A further evaluation should concern the consequences of high operating temperatures that are able to cause local structural transformations such as the formation of sigma phase and other intermetallic phases which could result in a strong reduction of both corrosion resistance and toughness, particularly at low or room temperatures. This embrittlement is could also jeopardize any eventual operations of maintenance after service. It should be noted that this grade, as for every kind of stainless steel, surfaces should be free of contaminant and scale, heat tint, and passivated for optimum resistance to corrosion.

Cold working

APFIS is readily fabricated by cold working operations such as cold drawing and bending, but should only be used for a moderate amount of cold heading or cold up-setting because its chemical balance does not allow to obtain a soft strain hardened structure after cold deformation. This could result in a rapid die wear. Cold working doesn’t increase so much its magnetic permeability if compared to type 304/L and similar grades. Strong cold deformation will require an annealing to reduce the structure hardness and restore the ductility.

Machinability

APFIS has the typical machinability of austenitic structures with high Carbon and Nickel contents and some difficulties could happen in drilling, turning, threading and milling processes due to its capacity to cold work harden. Machining parameters should consider that this grade work hardens more than other typical austenitic grades and requires more rigid and powerful machines, in addition to the correct choice of tools, coating carbides and cutting fluids.

Weldability

APFIS can be welded by using any one of welding process employed with typical austenitic grades but requires some different welding process evaluations when compared to these grades. Correct welding practices such as right heat inputs, inert shielding gas and cleanliness before/after welding must be followed to obtain best results in terms of corrosion resistance. In case of autogenous welding process, there could be some risk of hot cracking in the fused zone due to a solidification mode from primary ferrite to primary austenite. No preheating is normally necessary. APFIS is not a low Carbon grade, therefore, a PWHT annealing at higher temperature should be done because this heat treatment improves its intergranular resistance corrosion.

Hot working

APFIS has a good hot plasticity and is suitable for processing by hot extrusion or by upsetting with electric resistance heating. However, overheating must always be avoided. The choice of hot working temperature and process parameters must always evaluate the strain rate and the consequent increasing of temperature that is reached after hot deformation. High strain rates and temperatures at the top end of the range during the extrusion and forging process, could generate internal bursts. Small forgings can be cooled rapidly in air or water quenched. However, the best corrosion resistance is obtained by annealing followed by rapid cooling.

Designations

AISI 310/310S
W.N. 1.4845
UNS S31000/S31008
EN X8CrNi25-21/X12CrNi25-21
BS 310S31
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