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VAL2AM- Martensitici

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Valbruna Grade

VAL2AM

Steel type

Martensitic Stainless Steel

Description of material

VAL2AM is a Chromium –Molybdenum martensitic stainless with a Carbon content capable of suitable hardness after heat treatment together with a fair pitting corrosion resistance.

Applications

All applications where high hardness and corrosion resistance are indispensable, such as dental and surgical instruments, kitchen knives, parts of brakes, valve seats, plastic molds, parts of pumps, pump shafts, wear resistant devices, gauges, conveyor chains, guides, instruments and table cutlery. This grade after hardening and tempering provides a hardness lower than VAL2B and VAL2DE. VAL2AM could be used in table cutlery warranting a better pitting resistance corrosion, in surgical instruments and some kinds of pump shafts.

Melting practices

EAF+AOD

Corrosion resistance

VAL2AM has its maximum corrosion resistance when in the hardened + low temperature tempered condition and with its maximum hardness. Its use in the annealed condition or any other situation able to reduce the surface hardness and in high Chloride containing environments, should be avoided, even if Molybdenum delays the formation of pitting. VAL2AM has good corrosion resistance in mild environments such as fresh water, industrial and rural atmospheres, petroleum products, gasoline fuel oil and alcohol. This grade could be supplied in the micro-resulphured condition but in the case of mirror finishing, such as for table cutlery or special uses, this condition should be avoided. In the case of high polishability requirements, a special steel making process and/or heat treatments should be chosen. It should be noted that this grade, as for every kind of stainless steel, surfaces should be free of contaminant and scale, heat tint, and passivated for optimum resistance to corrosion.

Cold working

In the annealed condition, this grade is suitable for cold forming operations such as cold heading or up-setting. It should be pointed out that VAL2AM is prone to surface decarburization more than other Cr-C martensitic grades: a protective atmosphere should be considered in the heat treatment of finished pieces.

Machinability

Micro-resulphured VAL2AM in the annealed condition and in the high temperature tempered after hardening condition offers a good machinability. It’s important to know that the productivity gain depends on the type of machines used, the kind of tools used and their geometry, cutting fluids and the kind of machine operations on the pieces produced. Grinding and polishing of hardened + tempered material at maximum values of hardness must be carried out with great care in order to avoid the overheating of the surface of the piece resulting in poor corrosion resistance and/or grinding cracks.

Weldability

This process for martensitic stainless grades is always risky and a special care must be applied in the choice of welding parameters. In any case, if a welding process were required, a preheating is mandatory and the part must be maintained at temperature and followed by immediate annealing or tempering. Fillers of the same composition can be used to obtain mechanical properties close to that of the base metal. Alternatively, austenitic fillers may be used considering an inevitable reduction of these properties. In solid state joining such as Friction Welding, VAL2AM provides a quality bond line. When friction welded with different grades, a tempering or annealing of the welded piece must be done in order to soften the martensitic structure of HAZ and bond line.

Hot working

Blooms and ingots require a suitable preheating to avoid cracks and a slow cooling in the furnace after forging. Overheating must always be avoided in order to reduce the risk of internal bursts. An improper cooling could result in stress cooling cracks. Large forgings and large cross – section shapes should be left to cool until their core reaches room temperature and, then, immediately, heat treated. A right and suitable heat treatment of pieces after the forging process creates a structure with no or little retained austenite avoiding delayed cracks.

Heat treatment

VAL2AM should be double tempered after hardening in order to reduce or avoid retained austenite obtaining high values of hardness. Double tempering is not normally used in cutlery production where a single one should be sufficient.

Designations

W.N. 1.4120
EN X20CrMo13
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